Vitamins | Vitamin A (retinol), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (nicotinamide), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxine-5-phosphate), B7 (biotin), B8 (inositol, myo-inositol), D (cholecalciferol), E (alpha-tocopherol), C (ascorbic acid 2-sulfate, ascorbic acid 3-sulfate). |
Amino acids | Methionine, cysteine, S-methylmethionine, taurine, glutamine, arginine, tyrosine, L-aspartic acid, asparagine, threonine, glycine, carnosine, cystathionine, histidine, citrulline, valine, N-carbamoylvaline, N-acetylvaline. |
Methylation | Riboflavin, pyridoxine, pyridoxine-5-phosphate, methionine, choline, betaine. |
Antioxidants | Retinol, N-acetylcysteine, carotenoids, S-adenosylglutathione, acetyl-L-carnitine, ergothioneine, uric acid. |
Minerals | Iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, copper. |
Healthy fats | DHA, DPA, EPA, omega-3, omega-6, pentadecanate. |
Lipid peroxidation | Phospholipase A2, glutathione peroxidase, octadecadienedioate (C18:2-DC). |
Metabolism | HbA1c, glucose, lipolysis markers. |
Immune markers | The number of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes. |
Bones | Phosphorus. |
Neurocognitive health | Brain aging marker, memory health protein, brain inflammation marker, dopamine metabolites, cellular repair marker, anti-inflammatory brain protein. |
Microbiome | Gut and immune barrier, indicator of bacterial toxins, marker of phenylalanine dysbiosis, marker of gut and brain health. |
Inflammation | IL-6, a marker of oxidative stress, and serum amyloid A-1 protein. |
Stress | Cortisol, DHEA, a marker of adrenal activity, a marker of chronic stress. |
Toxins | Acrolein, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, lead exposure, PFAS (per- and polyfluorinated substances). |
Mitochondrial function | Energy balance marker, ATP synthase (enzyme), energy transport protein, energy regulation enzyme. |
Antioxidant defence | Myeloperoxidase (MPO), marker of ROS production, indicator of oxidative stress, marker of oxidative damage, heat shock proteins (defense against cellular stress). |
NAD+ metabolism | Byproduct marker, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, 1-MNA. |
Ketones | Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate. |
Additives | Alpha-ketoglutarate, spermidine, palmitoylethanolamide, creatine. |